Seabird Life History Database
Biology of Marine Birds
Biology of Marine Birds provides the only complete summary of information about marine birds ever published. It summarizes and analyzes their breeding biology, ecology, taxonomy, evolution, fossil history, physiology, energetics, and conservation.
E. A. Schreiber, Joanna Burger | CRC Press, Aug 16, 2001 – Nature – 740 pages
Notes:
- Mass is given in kilograms (kg), as a mean. If not available by sex, a mean, or mean and range, are given. If available by sex, females are listed first and males in parentheses — mean:range (mean:range). Values are for birds during the breeding season. Dunning (1993) was used for body mass for many species.
- Breeding distribution: Polar (P) — for Antarctica, Antarctic continent; for the Arctic, pole to 80°N. Subpolar (SP) — south, just off edge of Antarctic continent to about 50°S; north, 80°N to Arctic Circle. Temperate (Tm ) — south, about 50°S to 30°S; north, below Arctic circle to 25–30°N (to freeze line in Florida for instance). Subtropical (STr) — south, about 30°S-15°S; north = about 25-30°N to 15°N. Tropical (Tr) — between 15°N and 15°S. Nest Location: Bu, burrow; Cl, cliff or cliff ledge; Cr, crevice or natural hole (these may be on flat ground [some shearwaters], slopes [most puffins] or on cliff faces); F, floating in marsh; O, open ground; T, on a tree or bush; Sl, steep slope (not as steep as a cliff and generally not stone); Un, under tree or bush. Clutch Size is given as a mean, a range, or both. B, biennial breeder; D, known to raise two clutches in a year.
- Hatchling Type: P, precocial; SP, semiprecocial; A, altricial; SA, semialtricial (see Chapter 13, Table 13.1 for explanation).
The incubation Period is given in days (d), and begins with the laying of the first egg. Fledging Period applies to the time (in days) it takes for chicks to first have sustained flight (or for penguins and Flightless Cormorants, when they go to sea). For seven species of alcids that leave the nest before they can fly and go to sea with a parent, it applies to the time in the nest before going to sea. Maximum growth rate (in grams per day [g/d]) is the maximum amount gained by a chick in a day. - Postfledging Care: The actual length of post-fledging care is often difficult to determine. Most research is carried out in colonies and feeding of young may still occur after birds leave the colony.
- Foraging Distance during the breeding season: OS, offshore; NS, nearshore; NS+, between about 0.5 km offshore and offshore (intermediate between the two).
Wing Span indicated may encompass both sexes. - Maximum Age is the maximum age recorded for the species. This figure is higher than adult life expectancy.
- Annual Survival data are for adults. c = circa or about.
Appendix 2: Data on Life-History Characteristics, Breeding Range, Size, and Survival for Seabird Species
SPHENISCIFORMES
Sphenisciformes: (Sphe·nis·ci·for·mes) an order of flightless aquatic birds comprising penguins.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Adult Mass (kg) Mean:range or Mean:female(male) Female(Male) | Breeding Distribution | Nest Location | Clutch Size (range) | Hatchling Type | Incubation Period (d) | Fledging Period (d) | Maximum Growth Rate (g/d) | Post-Fledging Care (d) | Age of First Breeding (yrs) | Foraging Distance | Wing Span (cm) | Maximum Age (yrs) | Annual Survival % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gentoo Penguin | Pygoscelis papua | 5.15 (5.58) | P,SP | O | 2 | SA | 35–36 | 74–100 | 85 | 5–50 | 2 | NS | 80 | ||
| Chinstrap Penguin | Pygoscelis antarctica | 3.8 | P,SP | O,SI | 2 | SA | 33–37 | 49–59 | 86 | none | 3–5 | NS+ | |||
| Adelie Penguin | Pygoscelis adeliae | 4.7 (5) | P | O | 1.9(1–2) | SA | 31–38 | 41–60 | 116 | none | 3–6 | NS+ | 89 | ||
| King Penguin | Aptenodytes patagonicus | 14.3 (16) | P–Tm | None | 1 | SA | 52–54 | 313–350 | 130 | 38 | 5 (4–5) | OS | 82–93 | ||
| Emperor Penguin | Aptenodytes forsteri | 30 (38) | P | None | 1 | SA | 62–67 | 147–190 | 113 | 5 (3–9) | OS | 92–95 | |||
| Rockhopper Penguin | Eudyptes chrysocome | 2.3–2.7 (2.8–3.4) | Tm,SP | O,Cr | 2 | SA | 33–39 | 60–70 | 49 | none | OS | ||||
| Macaroni Penguin | Eudyptes chrysolophus | 5 (6) | P,SP | Sl,O | 2 | SA | 35–37 | 62 | 69 | 6(5–8) | NS+,OS | 77–86 | |||
| Royal Penguin | Eudyptes schlegeli | 5–6 | SP | O,SI | 2 | SA | 32–37 | 65 | 5 | OS | 86 | ||||
| Fiordland Penguin | Eudyptes pachyrhynchus | 3.4 (3.7) | Tm | O,Cr | 2 | SA | 31–36 | 75 | 52 | none | 3–4 | NS+ | |||
| Snares Penguin | Eudyptes robustus | 2.8 (3.4) | SP,Tm | O,Cl | 2 | SA | 31–37 | 75 | 5 | OS | |||||
| Erect-crested Penguin | Eudyptes sclateri | 2.8–5.4 (3.4–6.3) | Tm,SP | 2 | SA | 35 | 75 | OS | |||||||
| Yellow-eyed Penguin | Megadyptes antipodes | 5.2 | Tm | O | 1–2 | SA | 39–51 | 106 | 67 | none | 2(2–3) | NS | 87 | ||
| Jackass Penguin | Spheniscus demersus | 3.10:2.96 (3.30) | Tm | Bu | 2 | SA | 38 | 70–80 | 35 | none | 3 | NS | 61.7 | ||
| Humboldt Penguin | Spheniscus humboldti | 4.5 | Tm,STr | Cr | 2 | SA | NS | ||||||||
| Magellanic Penguin | Spheniscus magellanicus | 2.7–4.1 (2.9–4.8) | Tm | Bu | 2 | SA | 40 | 60–100 | none | 2 | NS | 85 | |||
| Galapagos Penguin | Spheniscus mendiculus | 2.03:1.87 (2.18) | Tr | Bu | 2 | SA | 38 | 60–80 | none | 4–5 | NS | 85 | |||
| Blue Penguin | Eudyptula minor | 0.79–2.1 (0.75–2.1) | Tm | Bu | 1–2 D | SA | 33–50 | 54–63 | 23 | none | 2–3 | NS | 74.5 |
PELECANIFORMES
Pelecaniformes: (Pel·e·can·i·for·mes) an order of swimming birds having all four toes united by a broad web and including the pelicans, gannets, cormorants, tropic birds, snakebirds, and frigate birds.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Adult Mass (kg) Mean:range or Mean:female(male) Female(Male) | Breeding Distribution | Nest Location | Clutch Size (range) | Hatchling Type | Incubation Period (d) | Fledging Period (d) | Maximum Growth Rate (g/d) | Post-Fledging Care (d) | Age of First Breeding (yrs) | Foraging Distance | Wing Span (cm) | Maximum Age (yrs) | Annual Survival % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White-tailed Tropicbird | Phaethon lepturus | 0.32 (0.22–0.36) | STr,Tr | Un,Cr | 1 | SA | 42(40–43) | 70–85 | none | 4(est.) | OS | 90–95 | |||
| Red-billed Tropicbird | Phaethon aetherus | 0.7 | STr,Tr | Un,Cr | 1 | SA | 42–44 | 80–90 | none | OS | 99–106 | ||||
| Red-tailed Tropicbird | Phaethon rubricauda | 0.50–0.85 | STr,Tr | Un,Cr | 1 | SA | 45(39–51) | 85(72–91) | 15 | none | 2–5 | OS | 113 | 29 | 90 |
| White Pelican | Pelecanus onocrotalus | 6–9 (9–15) | Tm–Tr | O | 2–4 | A | 29–31 | 65–70 | NS,NS+ | ||||||
| Dalmatian Pelican | Pelecanus crispus | 7.25–10 (9.5–12) | Tm,STr | O | 1–3 | A | 31–34 | 85 | 15–20 | NS | |||||
| Australian Pelican | Pelecanus conspicillatus | 4–6.8 | Tm,STr | O | 2(1–4) | A | 32–35 | 90 | 4–6 | NS,OS | 230–260 | ||||
| American White Pelican | Pelecanus erythrorhyncous | 4.0–5.9 (5.0–7.1) | Tm | O | 2(1–4) | 30? | 60 | 20+ | 3 | 26 | |||||
| Pink-backed Pelican | Pelecanus rufescens | 3.9–6.2 (4.5–7) | STr,Tr | O,T | 1–3 | A | 30–35 | 70–75 | 10–21 | ||||||
| Spot-billed Pelican | Pelecanus philippensis | 4.65 (5.1–5.7) | STr,Tr | T | 3 | A | 29–31 | 120? | |||||||
| Brown Pelican | Pelecanus occidentalis | 3.2 (3.7) | Tm,STr | O,T | 2.6(2–3) | A | 30 | 79.5(71–88) | 115 | 30–84 | 3(2–4) | NS,OS | 210 | 28 | c80 |
| Ascension Frigatebird | Fregata aquila | 1.25 | STr | O | 1 B | A | 43–51 | 180? | 90–120 | OS | 196–201 | ||||
| Lesser Frigatebird | Fregata ariel | 0.78–1.11 | Tr | T | 1 B | A | 50 +/– | 145–179 | 140–180 | OS | 175–195 | 28 | |||
| Great Frigatebird | Fregata minor | 1.10–1.89 (0.90–1.35) | Tr | T | 1 B | A | 56(51–60) | 160–169 | 158–428 | 3–7 | OS | 198 | 35 | ||
| Christmas Island Frigatebird | Fregata andrewsi | 1.55 (1.4) | Tr | T | 1 B | A | 46–54 | 177 | 120–200 | NS,OS | 205–230 | ||||
| Magnificent Frigatebird | Fregata magnificens | 1.67 (1.28) | Tr | T | 1 B | A | 59(58–60) | 165 | 15 | 150 | 5–7 | OS | 229 | ||
| Australian Gannet | Morus serrator | 2.3 | Tm | O,Cl | 1 | A | 43.6(37–50) | 102(95–109) | none | 3–7 | OS | 30+ | |||
| Cape Gannet | Morus capensis | 2.7 | Tm,STr | O | 1 | A | 44 | 97.2 | none | 3–4 | OS | 171–185 | 30+ | ||
| Northern Gannet | Morus bassanus | 3.07 (2.93) | Tm | Cl,O | 1 | A | 43.6 | 91 | 80 | none | 4(3–6) | OS | 185 | 30 | 94 |
| Abbott's Booby | Sula abbotti | 1.46 | Tr | T | 1 B | A | 56–57 | 151–168 | 180–230 | OS | 30+ | ||||
| Peruvian Booby | Sula variegata | 1.3 | Tm–STr | Cl,O | 1.5(1–2) | A | 42 | 78 | 62 | 2–3 | NS,OS | 20+ | |||
| Blue-footed Booby | Sula nebouxii | 1.80 (1.28) | Tr | Cl,O | 2(1–3) | A | 41 | 102 | 56 | '2–6 | NS,OS | 156 | 20+ | ||
| Masked Booby | Sula dactylatra | 2.10 (1.88) | STr,Tr | Cl,O | 2(1–2) | A | 43(38–49) | 130(109–151) | 35 | 50–150 | 2–4 | OS | 156 | 30+ | 92.5 |
| Nazca Booby | Sula granti | 1.75:1.88 (1.63) | Tr | O | 1.6 | A | 43 | 120 | 30–62 | NS,OS | 83.2 | ||||
| Brown Booby | Sula leucogaster | 0.9–1.8 | Tr | O,Cl | 2(1–3) | A | 42.8 | 95(85–105) | 27 | 118–259 | 2–4 | NS,OS | 148 | 27 | 92–96 |
| Red-footed Booby | Sula sula | 0.8–1.5 | Tr | T | 1 | A | 44.5(43–49) | 101.5(91–139) | 20 | 190 | 2–4 | OS | 151 | 30+ | 90 |
| Long-tailed cormorant | Microcarbo africanus | 0.43–0.60 (0.50–0.88) | STr,Tr | O,T | 2.3, 3.8 | A | 23–25 | 35 | NS+ | 80–90 | |||||
| Crowned Cormorant | Microcarbo coronatus | 0.67–0.78 (0.48–0.88) | Tm | O,T | 1–5 | A | 23 | 30–35 | NS | ||||||
| Pygmy Cormorant | Microcarbo pygmaeus | 0.56–0.64 (0.65–0.87) | Tm,STr | T | 4–6 | A | 27–30 | 70 | NS | 80–90 | |||||
| Little Cormorant | Microcarbo niger | 0.36–0.53 | STr,Tr | T | 3–5 | A | NS | ||||||||
| Little Pied Cormorant | Microcarbo melanoleucos | 0.4–0.9 (0.7–0.9) | Tm,STr | T,(O) | 3–5 | A | NS | 85–91 | |||||||
| Brandt's Cormorant | Compsohalieus penicillatus | 1.4–2.3 (2.4–2.7) | Tm,STr | O | 2.6(2–5) | A | 29.2(28–32) | yes | 3(2–9) | NS+ | 108 | 18 | 74 | ||
| Flightless Cormorant | Compsohalieus harrisi | 2.5–2.9 (3.8–4.1) | Tr | O | 2–4 | A | 35 | 60 | 30–90 | NS | 87.6 | ||||
| Bank Cormorant | Compsohalieus neglectus | 1.8 | Tm,STr | O,Cl | 2(1–3) | A | 29–30 | NS | 132 | ||||||
| Black-faced Cormorant | Compsohalieus fuscescens | Tm | O,Cl | 2–3 | A | NS | 93–102 | ||||||||
| Neotropic Cormorant | Hypoleucos brasiliensis | 1.07 (1.26) | STr,Tr | T,(O) | 3–4(2–6) | A | 24.6(23–26) | 63 | yes | 1(1–3) | NS | 13 | |||
| Double-crested Cormorant | Hypoleucos auritus | 1.8–2.6 (2.0–3.0) | Tm,STr | O,Cl,T | 4(1–7) | A | 25–28 | 42–56 | 28 | 2.7(1–4) | NS | 18 | |||
| Indian Cormorant | Hypoleucos fuscicollis | 0.60–0.79 | STr,Tr | T | 3–6 | A | |||||||||
| Pied Cormorant | Hypoleucos varius | 1.1–1.9 (1.5–2.9) | Tm | O | 2–4 | A | 25–33 | 47–60 | OS | 110–130 | |||||
| Little Black Cormorant | Hypoleucos sulcirostris | 0.5–1.2 | Tm,STr | T | 4–6 | A | 95–105 | ||||||||
| Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | 2–2.5 | Tm,STr | O,T,CL | 3–6 | A | 30 (28–31) | 53(49–56) | 50 | 3(2–3) | NS,OS | 130–150 | 88 | ||
| Japanese Cormorant | Phalacrocorax capillatus | 3.1 | STr | Cl | 3 | A | 34 | 40 | NS | ||||||
| Socotra Cormorant | Leucocarbo nigrogularis | STr | 2–4 | NS | 102–110 | ||||||||||
| Cape Cormorant | Leucocarbo capensis | 1.16–1.31 | STr | Cl,O,T | 2.4(2–3) | A | 22–28 | 49 | 3 | NS | 109 | ||||
| Guanay Cormorant | Leucocarbo bougainvilli | Tm,Str | Sl,O | 3(2–3) | A | NS,OS | |||||||||
| Kerguelen Shag | Notocarbo verrucosus | 1.7–2.0 | P,SP | Cl | 2–4 | A | 110 | ||||||||
| Imperial Shag | Notocarbo atriceps | 1.5–2.4 (1.7–3.5) | SP | O,Cl | 2.7(1–3) | A | 28.8 | 77.5(75–80) | 2–4 | NS | 110–125 | ||||
| Antarctic Shag | Notocarbo bransfieldensis | 2.5–3.0 | P,SP | O,Sl,Cl | 2.5(2–3) | A | 40–45 | yes | 4+ | NS | |||||
| South Georgia Shag | Notocarbo georgianus | 2.47 (2.88) | SP | O,Sl,Cl | 2.3, 2.8 | A | 28–31 | 65 | 3+ | NS | 85–91 | ||||
| Campbell Island Shag | Nesocarbo campbelli | 2.0 (1.6–1.9) | Tm | O,Cl,Cr | A | NS,OS | 105 | ||||||||
| New Zealand King Shag | Euleucocarbo carunculatus | 2.5 | Tm | O,Sl | 1–3 | A | NS | ||||||||
| Stewart Island Shag | Euleucocarbo chalconotus | 1.79–3.88 | Tm | O,Sl | 2–3 | A | NS | ||||||||
| Chatham Island Shag | Euleucocarbo onslowi | 1.79 (2.4) | Tm | O,Sl,Cl | 3 | A | NS | ||||||||
| Auckland Island Shag | Euleucocarbo colensoi | Tm | O,Cl | 3 | A | 26–32 | NS,OS | 105 | |||||||
| Bounty Island Shag | Euleucocarbo ranfurlyi | 2.3–2.9 | Tm | Cl | 2–3 | A | NS,OS | ||||||||
| Rock Cormorant | Strictocarbo magellanicus | Tm | Cl | 3(2–4) | A | NS | 92 | ||||||||
| Pelagic Cormorant | Strictocarbo pelagicus | 1.53–1.70 (1.75–2.03) | Tm | O,Cr | 3(1–6) | A | 30 (29–31) | 45(40–50) | weeks | 2 | NS,OS | 95 | 18 | ||
| Red-faced Cormorant | Strictocarbo urile | 1.55–2.05 (1.9–2.27) | Tm | Cl,Sl | 2–4 | A | 33(32–34) | 59(54–64) | 3 | NS,OS | 122 | ||||
| European Shag | Strictocarbo aristotelis | 1.60 (1.94) | Tm | Cl,O | 3(1–6) | A | 34(33–35) | 53(48–58) | 52 | 62 | 2–3 | NS,OS | 80–88 | ||
| Red-legged Cormorant | Strictocarbo gaimardi | 1.3 | STr,Tr | Cl | 3(3–4) | A | 91 | ||||||||
| Spotted Shag | Strictocarbo punctatus | 0.7–1.6 (.9–1.7) | Tm | Cl,Sl | 2.7(2–4) | A | 32(28–35) | 62(57–71) | 2 | NS,OS | 91–99 | ||||
| Pitt Island Shag | Strictocarbo featherstoni | 0.645–1.33 | Tm | Cl | 3? | A | NS,OS |
PROCELLARIIFORMES
Procellariiformes: (Pro·cel·lar·ii·for·mes) an order of predominantly pelagic birds comprising petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses, and diving petrels.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Adult Mass (kg) Mean:range or Mean:female(male) Female(Male) | Breeding Distribution | Nest Location | Clutch Size (range) | Hatchling Type | Incubation Period (d) | Fledging Period (d) | Maximum Growth Rate (g/d) | Post-Fledging Care (d) | Age of First Breeding (yrs) | Foraging Distance | Wing Span (cm) | Maximum Age (yrs) | Annual Survival % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wandering Albatross | Diomedea exulans | 6–11 | Tm, SP | O | 1 B | SP | 75–83 | 278 | 56 | none | 9 (7–11) | OS | 311 | 35 | 96 |
| Antipodean Albatross | Diomedea antipodensis | Tm | O | 1 | SP | ||||||||||
| Amsterdam Albatross | Diomedea amsterdamensis | 4.8–8.0 | Tm | O | 1 B | SP | 79 | 235 | 300 | c40 | 94–95 | ||||
| Tristan Albatross | Diomedea dabbenena | Tm | O | 1 | SP | ||||||||||
| N. Royal Albatross | Diomedea sanfordi | TM | O | 1 B | SP | 79 | 240 | ||||||||
| S. Royal Albatross | Diomedea epomophora | 8–10 | Tm, SP | O,SI | 1 B | SP | 78–80 | 241 | 83 | none | 7–11 | OS | 58+ | 97 | |
| Waved Albatross | Phoebastria irrorata | 3.5 | Tr | O, Sl | 1 | SP | 60 | 167 | none–11 | 8.3 | 230–240 | c40 | 95 | ||
| Short-tailed Albatross | Phoebastria albatrus | Tm | O,Sl | 1 B? | SP | 49 | c180 | 213–229 | |||||||
| Black-footed Albatross | Phoebastria nigripes | 3.0 (3.4) | STr | O | 1 | SP | 64–65 | 145.6 | 40 | 4 | OS | 193–227 | 41 | ||
| Laysan Albatross | Phoebastria immutabilis | 2.85 (3.23) | STr | O | 1 | SP | 65 | 165 | weeks | 8(8–9) | OS | 195–202 | c53 | 95 | |
| Black-browed Albatross | Thalassarche melanophris | 3.22 (3.92) | SP | O,Sl | 1 | SP | 65–72 | 116–125 | 70 | 7–11 | NS,OS | 216–240 | 92 | ||
| Campbell Albatross | Thalassarche impavida | 2.90:2.70 D61(3.10) | Tm | 1 | SP | none | 10 | OS | 94.5 | ||||||
| Shy Albatross | Thalassarche cauta | 4.00:3.4–3.8 (4–4.4) | Tm | O,Sl,Cl | 1 | SP | 68–75 | c120 | none | NS,OS | 212–256 | ||||
| Chatham Albatross | Thalassarche eremita | Tm | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Salvin's Albatross | Thalassarche salvini | Tm | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Gray-head Albatross | Thalassarche chrysostoma | 3–3.6 (3.4–3.7) | Tm,SP | O | 1 B | SP | 69–78 | c141 | 63 | 7–13 | OS | 180–218 | 30+ | 95 | |
| Atlantic Yellow-nosed Alb. | Thalassarche chlororhynchos | 2.5:2.4–2.9 | Tm,SP | O,Cl,Sl | 1 | SP | 71–78 | c120 | 60 | c9 | OS | 200–256 | 37+ | ||
| Indian Yellow-nosed Alb. | Thalassarche carteri | Tm,SP | O,Sl | 1 | SP | 7–78 | c130 | c9 | OS | ||||||
| Buller's Albatross | Thalassarche bulleri | 2.70 :2.78 (3.12) | Tm,SP | O,Sl | 1 | SP | 69–72 | 140–167 | none | 5+ | NS | 205–213 | 30+ | 91.3 | |
| Sooty Albatross | Phoebetria fusca | 2.4 (2.7) | Tm | Cl,Sl | 1 B | SP | 65–75 | c160 | 37 | 5–15 | OS | 203 | |||
| Light-mantled Sooty Alb. | Phoebetria palpebrata | 2.8–3.1 | Tm–P | O,Cl,Sl | 1 | SP | 66–69 | 140–157 | 45 | 7 | OS | 218 | 97.3 | ||
| Southern Giant Petrel | Macronectes giganteus | 3.94 (5.19) | P–Tm | O | 1 | SP | 59–66 | 112–123 | 79 | none | 4–10 | OS | 150–210 | 90–96 | |
| Northern Giant Petrel | Macronectes halli | 3.8 (5) | SP | O,Sl | 1 | SP | 57–62 | 106–120 | 66 | 4–11 | NS | 199 | |||
| Southern Fulmar | Fulmarus glacialoides | 0.7–1 | P,SP | Sl,Cl | 1 | SP | 43–50 | 48–56 | 32 | 9–11 | OS | 106 | 90–95 | ||
| Northern Fulmar | Fulmarus glacialis | 0.58 (0.65) up to 0.8 | P–Tm | O,Cl | 1 | SP | 48.4(47–49) | 53(49–58) | 31 | none | 5(5–12) | OS | 102–112 | c31 | 94–97 |
| Antarctic Petrel | Thalassoica antarctica | 0.69 (0.81) | P,SP | Cr,Sl | 1 | SP | 40–45 | 42–62 | NS,OS | 104 | 90 | ||||
| Cape Pigeon, Cape Petrel | Daption capense | 0.36–0.51 (0.38–0.55) | P,SP | Cl,O | 1 | SP | 44–47 | 47–68 | 16 | none | 6 | OS | 87 | 25 | 94 |
| Snow Petrel | Pagodroma nivea | 0.24–0.46 | P | Cl,Cr | 1 | SP | 41–49 | 41–55 | 17 | none | 3–7 | NS,OS | 83 | 93 | |
| Kerguelen Petrel | Lugensa brevirostris | 0.29–0.36 | Tm,SP | Bu | 1 | SP | 46.51 | 59–62 | none | OS | 80–88 | ||||
| Great-winged Petrel | Pterodroma macroptera | 0.46–0.75 | Tm | Bu,Cr,Un | 1 | SP | 55–57 | 125 | none | 6–7 | OS | 97–102 | |||
| White-headed Petrel | Pterodroma lessonii | 0.58–0.81 | Tm, SP | Bu | 1 | SP | 60 +/– | 112 | 13 | 5.5 | OS | 109 | |||
| Atlantic Petrel | Pterodroma incerta | Tm | 1 | SP | OS? | 100 | |||||||||
| Providence Petrel | Pterodroma solandri | 0.41–0.43 (0.44–0.6) | Tm,STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 56 | OS | 95–105 | ||||||
| Magenta Petrel | Pterodroma magentae | 0.42–0.51 | Tm,STr | Bu,Un | 1 | SP | 52 | 90? | 102 | ||||||
| Murphy's Petrel | Pterodroma ultima | STr,Tr | 1 | SP | OS? | 97 | |||||||||
| Soft-plumaged Petrel | Pterodroma mollis | 0.28–0.31 | SP, Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 50 | 90–115 | none | OS | 83–95 | ||||
| Cape Verde Petrel | Pterodroma feae | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 83–95 | |||||||||
| Madeira Petrel | Pterodroma madeira | STr | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Bermuda Petrel | Pterodroma cahow | STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 52 | 92 | OS | 89 | ||||||
| Black-capped Petrel | Pterodroma hasitata | STr | 1 | SP | 51–54 | 90–100 | OS | 95 | |||||||
| Jamaica Petrel | Pterodroma caribbaea | Tr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | c95 | |||||||||
| Juan Fernandez Petrel | Pterodroma externa | 0.41–0.54 | STr,Tr | Bu | 1 | SP | OS | 95–97 | |||||||
| White-necked Petrel | Pterodroma cervicalis | 0.38–0.54 | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 100–115 | 100 | |||||||
| Barau's Petrel | Pterodroma baraui | 0.4 | STr, Tr | 1 | SP | 96 | |||||||||
| Galapagos Petrel | Pterodroma phaeopygia | 0.43 | Tr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 55.3(54–58) | 100–119 | 10 | none | 5(5–6) | OS | 91 | 93 | |
| Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel | Pterodroma sandwichensis | 0.45 (0.33–.63) | Tr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 55.3(54–58) | 100–119 | none | 5–6 | OS | 93 | |||
| Kermadec Petrel | Pterodroma neglecta | 0.37–0.59 | STr,Tr | O | 1 | SP | 50–52 | 110–130 | NS | 92 | |||||
| Trindade Petrel | Ptreodroma arminjoniana | 0.29–0.46 | STr,Tr | Bu,Sl | 1 | SP | OS | 88–102 | |||||||
| Herald Petrel | Pterodroma heraldica | 0.32 | STr,Tr | Bu,Sl | 1 | SP | NS | 88–102 | |||||||
| Henderson Petrel | Pterodroma atrata | STr | 1 | SP | OS | ||||||||||
| Phoenix Petrel | Pterodroma alba | 0.27 | STr,Tr | Un,Cr | 1 | SP | NS | 83 | |||||||
| Mottled Petrel | Pterodroma inexpectata | 0.24–0.44 | SP,Tm | Bu,Sl | 1 | SP | 49–53 | 90–105 | OS | 78–84 | |||||
| Bonin Petrel | Pterodroma hypoleuca | 0.24 (0.152–0.308) | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 49 | 82(77–89) | OS | 63–71 | 21 | ||||
| Black-winged Petrel | Pterodroma nigripennis | 0.17–0.2 | STr,Tr | Bu | 1 | SP | OS | 63–71 | |||||||
| Chatham Island Petrel | Pterodroma axillaris | 0.2 | Tm | Sl | 1 | SP | 10–15 | 63–71 | |||||||
| Cook's Petrel | Pterodroma cookii | 0.19 | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 47–51 | 88 | OS | 65 | |||||
| Mas A Tierra Petrel (De Filippi's) | Ptreodroma defilippiana | STr | 1 | SP | 66? | ||||||||||
| Stejneger's Petrel | Pterodroma longirostris | SP–STr | 1 | SP | OS | 53 | |||||||||
| Pycroft's Petrel | Pterodroma pycrofti | 0.13–0.2 | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 45 | 80 | 53–66 | 72 | |||||
| Gould's Petrel | Pterodroma leucoptera | 0.17–0.22 | Tm–Tr | Cr | 1 | SP | 42–49 | 77–84 | OS | 70 | |||||
| Collared Petrel | Pterodroma brevipes | Tr | Sl,Cr,U | 1 | SP | ||||||||||
| Macgillivray's Petrel (Fiji) | Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi | STr | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Tahiti Petrel | Pseudobulweria rostrata | Tm,STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 84 | |||||||||
| Beck's Petrel | Pseudobulweria becki | Tr | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Mascarene Petrel | Pseudobulweria aterrima | STr | Bu,Cr? | 1 | SP | OS? | |||||||||
| Blue Petrel | Halobaena caerulea | 0.13–0.23 | SP–Tm | Bu,Sl | 1 | SP | 45–49 | 48–60 | 7.2 | NS | 62–71 | ||||
| Broad-billed Prion | Pachyptila vittata | 0.17–0.24 | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 56 | 50–53 | OS | 61 | |||||
| Salvin's Prion | Pachyptila salvini | 0.12–0.21 | SP,Tm | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 44–55 | 52–63 | 6.9 | 59 | 84 | ||||
| Antarctic Prion | Pachyptila desolata | 0.10–0.19 | P,SP | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 44–46 | 51 | 6.9 | 5(3–6) | OS | 63 | |||
| Narrow-billed Prion | Pachyptila belcheri | 0.12–0.18 | SP,Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 43–47 | 43–54, 69 | 6.5 | 6.7 | NS+ | 56–59 | |||
| Fairy Prion | Pachyptila turtur | 0.11–0.16 (0.12–0.18) | SP–STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 44–54 | 50 | 6.6 | 4–5 | NS | 56 | |||
| Fulmar Prion | Pachyptila crassirostris | 0.10–0.19 | Tm | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | NS | 60 | |||||||
| Bulwer's Petrel | Bulweria bulwerii | 0.99 | STr,Tr | Cr | 1 | SP | 44.2(38–46) | 62(57–67) | none | 4–6 | OS | 65–73 | 94.7 | ||
| Jouanin's Petrel | Bulweria fallax | Tr | 1 | SP | 76–83 | ||||||||||
| White-chinned Petrel | Procellaria aequinoctialis | 1.28 (1.39) | SP,Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 57–62 | 87–106 | 24 | 6.5 | OS | 134–147 | 79 | ||
| Spectacled Petrel | Procellaria conspicillata | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | OS | |||||||||
| Westland Petrel | Procellaria westlandica | 1.1–1.2 (1.2–1.3) | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 51–68 | 130 | none | 12 | OS | 135–140 | |||
| Parkinson's Petrel | Procellaria parkinsoni | 0.70:0.68 (0.72) | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 56 | 96–122 | none | 6–8 | OS | 115 | 94 | ||
| Grey Petrel | Procellaria cinerea | 1.13 | SP,Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 52–61 | 93, 110–120 | 18 | 7 | OS | 115–130 | |||
| Cory's Shearwater (Crete) | Calonectris d. diomedea | 0.55:0.51(0.59) | STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 53 | 92 | none | 7.4 | 89 | ||||
| (Corsica) | Calonectris d. diomedea | 0.66:0.60(0.71) | Tm,STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 51 | 91 | none | 7.7 | 93 | ||||
| Calonectris d. borealis | 0.89:0.82(0.96) | Tm,STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 54 | 97 | 14 | none | 9 | OS | 95.6 | |||
| Streaked Shearwater | Calonectris leucomelas | 0.44–0.55 | STr,Tr | 1 | SP | 64 | 66–80 | 122 | |||||||
| Wedge-tailed Shearwater | Puffinus pacificus | 0.30–0.57 | STr,Tr | Bu | 1 | SP | 48–56 | 98–115 | 10 | none | 4 | OS | 97–105 | 26 | |
| Buller's Shearwater | Puffinus bulleri | 0.41 | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 51 | 100 | OS | 97–99 | |||||
| Flesh-footed Shearwater | Puffinus carneipes | 0.58–0.75 | STr | Bu, Sl | 1 | SP | 60 | 92 | NS,OS | 99–107 | |||||
| Pink-footed Shearwater | Puffinus creatopus | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 109 | |||||||||
| Greater Shearwater | Puffinus gravis | 0.72–0.95 | Tm,STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 53–57 | 105 | 100–118 | ||||||
| Sooty Shearwater | Puffinus griseus | 0.63–0.95 | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 52.7 | 97 | 17 | none | 5–7 | OS | 103 | 93 | |
| Short-tailed Shearwater | Puffinus tenuirostris | 0.47–0.64 (0.51–0.73) | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 52–55 | 94 | 13 | none | 6(5–7) | OS | 93 | 93–94 | |
| Christmas Shearwater | Puffinus nativitatis | 0.32–0.34 | STr,Tr | Cr,Un | 1 | SP | 50–54 | 96 | 71–81 | ||||||
| Manx Shearwater | Puffinus puffinus | 0.35–0.58 (0.30–0.45) | SP,Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 51.3(47–66) | 69(62–76) | 12 | none | 6 | OS | 79 | 5 | 93 |
| Levantine Shearwater | Puffinus yelkouan | 0.34–0.42 | Tm | Cr,Un | 1 | SP | 52 | 72 | NS | 76–93 | |||||
| Balearic Shearwater | Puffinus maurentanicus | Tm | Cr,Un | 1 | SP | c50 | c72 | ||||||||
| Townsend's Shearwater | Puffinus auricularis | 0.34 (0.32–0.36) | Tr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 62(47–66) | 92.4(88–100) | none | 4–7 | OS | ||||
| Newell's Shearwater | Puffinus newelli | 0.39 (0.34–0.43) | Tr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 47–66 | none | 4–7 | OS | 90 | ||||
| Black-vented Shearwater | Puffinus opisthomelas | 0.41 | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 50 | 69 | NS | 76–89 | |||||
| Fluttering Shearwater | Puffinus gavia | 0.23–0.42 | Tm,STr | Bu | 1 | SP | NS,OS | 76 | |||||||
| Hutton's Shearwater | Puffinus huttoni | 0.37 | STr | Sl | 1 | SP | 50–60 | 80 | 4–6 | NS,OS | 72–78 | ||||
| Audobon's Shearwater | Puffinus lherminieri | 0.15–0.23 | STr,Tr | 1 | SP | 49–51 | 62–75 | 8 | NS+ | 64–74 | |||||
| Heinroth's Shearwater | Puffinus heinrothi | Tr | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Little Shearwater | Puffinus assimilis | 0.18–0.26 | Tm,STr | Bu,Sl | 1 | SP | 52–58 | 70–75 | OS | 55–67 | |||||
| Peruvian Diving-petrel | Pelecanoides garnotii | Tm,STr | Bu | 1 | SP | NS | |||||||||
| Magellanic Diving-petrel | Pelecanoides magellani | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | NS | |||||||||
| Georgian Diving-petrel | Pelecanoides georgicus | 0.09–0.15 | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 44–52 | 42–60 | 4.8 | 2 | NS | 30–38 | |||
| Common Diving-petrel | Pelecanoides urinatrix | 0.11–0.15 | Tm | Bu,Sl | 1 | SP | 53.5 | 49–55 | 4.3 | none | 2–3 | NS | 43 | 75–87 | |
| Wilson's Storm-petrel | Oceanites oceanicus | 0.03–0.04 | P,SP | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 33–53 | 51–97 | 2.8 | none | 4(4–5) | OS | 39 | 91 | |
| Elliot's (White-vented) S-p. | Oceanites gracilis | STr,Tr | 1 | SP | |||||||||||
| Grey-backed Storm-petrel | Garrodia nereis | 0.03–0.04 | Tm | Un | 1 | SP | 40–45 | 75 | OS | 39 | |||||
| White-faced Storm-petrel | Pelagodroma marina | 0.04–0.07 | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 45–59 | 52–67, 80 | 2.2 | none | OS | 43 | |||
| Black-bellied Storm-petrel | Fregetta tropica | 0.05–0.06 | SP,Tm | Cr | 1 | SP | 35–44 | 55, 65–71 | none | OS | 46 | ||||
| White-bellied Storm-petrel | Fregetta grallaria | 0.04–0.06 | STr | Cr,Bu | 1 | SP | 40 | 68 | OS | 45 | |||||
| White-throated Storm-petrel | Nesofregatta fuliginosa | 0.055–0.115 | STr,Tr | Un,Cr | 1 | SP | OS | ||||||||
| European (British) Storm-petrel | Hydrobates pelagicus | 0.03 | Tm, STr | Cr | 1 | SP | 41 | 66 | 0.8 | none | OS | ||||
| Least Storm-petrel | Halocyptena microsoma | 0.02 | STr | Cr | 1 | SP | 32 | ||||||||
| Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma tethys | Tr | Cr,Un | 1 | SP | 76 | OS | ||||||||
| Madeiran Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma castro | Tm–Tr | Cr,Bu | 1 | SP | 42 | 64–78 | 44–46 | |||||||
| Swinhoe's Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma monorhis | 0.038–0.040 | Tm–Tr | Bu | 1 | SP | 44–46 | ||||||||
| Leach's Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma leucorhoa | 0.04–0.05 | Tm,STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 43.3(37–50) | 56–79 | 1.6 | none | 3–6 | OS | 45–48 | 36 | 79–93 |
| Markham's Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma markhami | Tr | 1 | SP | OS | ||||||||||
| Tristam's Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma tristrami | STr | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | OS | 56 | ||||||||
| Black Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma melania | STr | Bu, Cr | 1 | SP | 46–51 | |||||||||
| Matsudaira's Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma matsudairae | STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 56 | |||||||||
| Ashy Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma homochroa | 0.039 | STr | Cr | 1 | SP | 44.8(42–59) | 84.4(72–119) | none | NS,OS | 8 | ||||
| Hornby's Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma hornbyi | STr | 1 | SP | OS | ||||||||||
| Forked-tailed Storm-petrel | Oceanodroma furcata | 0.06 | Tm | Bu,Cr | 1 | SP | 40 | 58 | 1.5 | OS | 17 |
CHARADRIIFORMES
Charadriiformes: (Cha·rad·ri·i·for·mes) an order of birds, including the shorebirds, auks, gulls, and related forms.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Adult Mass (kg) Mean:range or Mean:female(male) Female(Male) | Breeding Distribution | Nest Location | Clutch Size (range) | Hatchling Type | Incubation Period (d) | Fledging Period (d) | Maximum Growth Rate (g/d) | Post-Fledging Care (d) | Age of First Breeding (yrs) | Foraging Distance | Wing Span (cm) | Maximum Age (yrs) | Annual Survival % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasitic Jaeger | Stercorarius parasiticus | 0.4:0.3–0.6(0.5: 0.3–0.6) | P–Tm | O | 2 (1–2) | SP | 26(24–29) | 31(26–38) | 14–28 | 4(3–7) | NS | 104 | 18 | 89 | |
| Long-tailed Jaeger | Stercorarius longicaudus | 0.28–0.44 (0.21–0.35) | P,SP | O | 2 | SP | 24.2 | 25(24–28) | 24 | 3 | NS | 96 | 8 | ||
| Pomarine Jaeger | Catharacta pomarinus | 0.68–1.0 (0.52–0.85) | P,SP | O | 2(1–3) | SP | 25(23–27) | 14+ | NS+ | ||||||
| Great Skua | Catharacta skua | 1.418:1.48 (1.356) | Tm | O | 2 | SP | 29 (26–32) | 46 (40–51) | 40 | 6.8 | NS | 150 | 93 | ||
| Chilean Skua | Catharacta chilensis | 1.1–1.7 | Tm | O | 2 | SP | 28–32 | NS | 130–138 | ||||||
| Brown Skua | Catharacta antarctica | 1.2–2.1 | P–Tm | O | 2 | SP | 28–32 | 45–50 | 6+ | NS | 126–160 | 90–96 | |||
| South Polar Skua | Catharacta maccormicki | 0.9–1.6 | P | O | 2 | SP | 28–31 | 36–53 | 6+ | 6+ | NS+ | 130–140 | 90–95 | ||
| Dolphin Gull | Larus scoresbii | 0.52 | Tm | O | 2(2–3) | SP | 24–27 | NS | c89 | ||||||
| Pacific Gull | Larus pacificus | 0.9–1.18 | Tm,STr | O | 3 | SP | 23–26 | 137–157 | |||||||
| Band-tailed Gull | Larus belcheri | STr,Tr | O | 3 | SP | 120 | |||||||||
| Orlog's Gull | Larus atlanticus | 0.9–0.96 | O | 2–3 | SP | yes | 130–140 | ||||||||
| Black-tailed Gull | Larus crassirostris | 0.43–0.64 | Tm,STr | O | 2–3 | SP | 24–25 | 35–40 | 126–128 | ||||||
| Gray Gull | Larus modestus | 0.36–0.40 | STr | O | 1–3 | SP | 29–31 | 40 | |||||||
| Heerman's Gull | Laus heermanni | 0.37–0.64 | STr | O | 1–2 | SP | 45 | 4 | 117–124 | ||||||
| White-eyed Gull | Larus leucophthalmus | 0.27–0.41 | Tr | O | 2–3 | SP | 110–115 | ||||||||
| Sooty Gull | Larus hemprichi | 0.40–0.51 | Tr | O | 1–3 | SP | 25 | ||||||||
| Common (Mew) Gull | Larus canus | 0.29–0.55 | SP,Tm | O | 3(1–3) | SP | 24–26 | 30–35 | Brief | 3(2) | 394–586 | 24 | |||
| Audouin's Gull | Larus audouini | 0.58–0.77 | STr,Tr | O | 3(1–4) | SP | 26–33 | 35–40 | 75 | ||||||
| Ring-billed Gull | Larus delawarensis | 0.471 (0.566) | Tm | O | 3(2–4) | SP | 25.5(23–29) | 35–40 | 24 | no? | 3(3–4) | NS | 121–127 | 32 | |
| California Gull | Larus californicus | 0.556 (0.657) | Tm | O | 2(2–4) | SP | 25(23–27) | 48(42–60) | yes | 3–4 | NS | 121–140 | 25 | 79–92 | |
| Great Black-backed Gull | Larus marinus | 1.488 (1.829) | SP,Tm | O | 2.8(2–3) | SP | 26–32 | 45–55 | 20–40 | 4–5 | NS,OS | 169 | 27 | ||
| Kelp Gull | Larus dominicanus | 1.0:0.83 (1.05) | P–Tm | O | 2.4 | SP | 28 | 61 | 41–54 | 4 | NS | 152–169 | 81 | ||
| Glaucous-winged Gull | Larus glaucescens | 0.946 (1.180) | SP,Tm | O | 2(1–4) | SP | 25–28 | 40–53 | 21 | 5.4(4–7) | NS | 132–146 | 24 | 83–87 | |
| Western Gull | Larus occidentalis | 1.01:0.8–1.2 | Tm,STr | O,Sl | 3(1–3) | SP | 30–32 | 47.5(45–50) | 30–90 | 4–6 | NS | 132–144 | 28 | 90 | |
| Yellow-footed Gull | Larus livens | 1.32:1.1–1.4 | STr | O | 2.7(1–4) | SP | 28(24–30) | 37(30–45) | 30–90 | 4–5 | NS | 142–155 | |||
| Glaucous Gull | Larus hyperboreus | 1.07–1.82 | O | 2–3 | SP | 26–30 | 49 | 26+ | 142–152 | ||||||
| Iceland Gull | Larus glaucoides | 0.56–0.86 | SP,Tm | Cl,O | 2–3 | SP | 125–130 | ||||||||
| Thayer's gull | Larus glaucoides thayeri | 0.85–1.15 | Cl | 2–3? | SP | 130–140 | |||||||||
| Herring Gull | Larus argentatus | 1.044 (1.226) | SP,Tm | Cl,O | 3(1–3) | SP | 30–32 | 47.5(45–50) | 33 | 45+ | 4–5 | NS | 135–149 | 32 | 91 |
| Yellow-legged Gull | Larus cachinnans | 0.8–1.5 | 2.7(1–3) | SP | 26–29 | 42–49 | 140–155 | ||||||||
| Armenian Gull | Larus armenicus | 0.95–1.05 | 3 | SP | 140 | ||||||||||
| Slaty-backed Gull | Larus schistisagus | 1.05–1.69 | Tm | 3(1–4) | SP | 28–30 | 40–45 | 132–148 | |||||||
| Lesser Black-backed Gull | Larus fuscus | 0.83:0.55–1.2 | SP,Tm | O,Cl | 2.7(1–3) | SP | 24–28 | 30–40 | yes | 124–127 | 26 | ||||
| Great Black-headed Gull | Larus icthyaetus | 0.9–2.0 | Tm | 2.9(1–3) | SP | 25 | 40 | 4–5 | 155–170 | ||||||
| Brown-headed Gull | Larus brunnicephalus | 0.45–0.71 | Tm | 3(1–4) | SP | c24 | |||||||||
| Gray-headed Gull | Larus cirrocephalus | 0.25–0.33 | STr,Tr | O,F | 2–3 | SP | 100–105 | ||||||||
| Hartlaub's Gull | Larus hartlaubii | 0.23–0.34 | STr | 1–3 | SP | c25 | c40 | 8 | 3 | 89–92 | |||||
| Silver Gull | Larus novaehollandiae | 0.26–0.35 | Tm,STr | D | SP | NS | 91–96 | ||||||||
| Red-billed Gull | Laurs scopulinus | 0.28:0.259 (0.299) | Tm | O | 1.87 | SP | 24 | 35–42 | 3.7 | 85.6 | |||||
| Black-billed Gull | Larus bulleri | 0.19–0.27 | Tm | SP | |||||||||||
| Brown-hooded Gull | Larus maculipennis | 0.29–0.36 | SP,Tm | SP | |||||||||||
| Common Black-headed Gull | Larus ridibundus | 0.19–0.32 | SP,Tm | O,F | 2.6(1–3) | SP | 22–26 | 35 | 2–3 | NS | 94–110 | 32 | |||
| Slender-billed Gull | Larus genei | 0.22–0.35 | Tm–Tr | O | 2–3 | SP | 22 | 30–37 | 2–3 | 102–110 | |||||
| Bonaparte's Gull | Larus philadelphia | 0.17–0.23 | SP,Tm | T | 2 | SP | 22–25 | 2–3 | 78–84 | ||||||
| Saunder's Gull | Larus saundersi | O | 3 | SP | |||||||||||
| Andean Gull | Larus serranus | 0.48 | STr,Tr | O | 2–3 | SP | |||||||||
| Mediterranean Gull | Larus melanocephalus | 0.21–0.39 | Tm,STr | O | 2–3 | SP | 23–26 | 35–40 | 98–105 | 15+ | |||||
| Relict Gull | Larus relictus | 0.42–0.66 | Tm | O | 2.6(2–3) | SP | 24–26 | 3 | |||||||
| Lava Gull | Larus fuliginosus | Tr | O | 2 | SP | 33 | 60 | 28 | |||||||
| Laughing Gull | Larus atricilla | 0.289 (0.327) | Tm–Tr | O,F | 2.8(2–3) | SP | 24.5(22–25) | 42.5(35–50) | 14–30 | 3–4 | NS | 102–107 | 19 | ||
| Franklin's Gull | Larus pipixcan | 0.26–0.28 | Tm | F | 3(2–4) | SP | 24.5(23–26) | 35–40 | 7+ | 2–3 | NS | 85–106 | 10 | ||
| Little Gull | Larus minutus | 0.10–0.156 | SP,Tm | O,F | 2.7(1–3) | SP | 21–22 | 28? | 14+ | 2–3 | NS | ||||
| Swallow-tailed Gull | Creagrus furcatus | 0.55–0.74 (0.63–0.78) | Tr | O,Cl | 1 | SP | 32(29–38 | 60–70 | 46 | 30+ | 5(2–6) | OS | 97 | ||
| Black-legged Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | 0.4:0.3–0.5(0.4:0.3–0. 5) | SP,Tm | Cl | 2(1–3) | SP | 26.2(25–28) | 41.5(34–58) | 20 | Yes | 3–5 | NS | 104 | 18 | 88–93 |
| Red-legged Kittiwake | Rissa brevirostris | 0.38 (0.40) | SP,Tm | Cl | 1(1–2) | SP | 25–32 est | 37–45 est | Yes | OS | 90 | 19 | |||
| Sabine's Gull | Xema sabini | 0.13–0.22 | 2(1–3) | 23–25 | 58–65 | Yes | 81–87 | ||||||||
| Ivory Gull | Pagophila eburnea | 0.448–0.687 | P,SP | O,Cl | 1(1–2) | SP | 24–26 | 30–35 | Yes | 2–3 | NS | 108–120 | 19 | ||
| Ross's Gull | Rhodostethia rosea | 0.12–0.25 | O | 3(1–3) | SP | 19–21 | 21 | 82–92 | |||||||
| Gull-billed Tern | Sterna nilotica | 0.15–0.29 | Tm–Tr | O | 3(1–5) | P | 22.5(22–23) | 31.5(28–35) | 60 | 5 | NS | 85–103 | 15.8 | ||
| River Tern | Sterna aurantia | 3(3–4) | SP | 21 | 2 | 80–85 | |||||||||
| Caspian Tern | Sterna caspia | 0.662– (0.649) | Tm,STr | O | 2(1–3) | SP | 27(25–28) | 40(35–45) | 90+ | 3(2–4) | NS | 127–146 | 30 | 87–91 | |
| Royal Tern | Sterna maxima | 0.32–0.50 | Tm,STr | 1 | SP | 25–31 | 30 | 200+ | 3–4 | NS | 100–135 | 24 | |||
| Elegant Tern | Sterna elegans | 0.26:0.20–0.33 | STr | O | 1 | SP | 26(23–33) | 35 | 120 | 3 | NS,OS | 76–81 | |||
| Lesser Crested Tern | Sterna bengalensis | 0.18–0.24 | STr,Tr | 1 | SP | 21–26 | 30–35 | 90+ | 88–105 | ||||||
| Crested Tern | Sterna bergii | 0.32–0.40 | ST,Tr | 1–2 | SP | 25–30 | 35–41 | 80+ | NS | 100–130 | |||||
| Chinese Crested Tern | Sterna bernsteini | SP | |||||||||||||
| Sandwich Tern | S. sandvicensis acuflavida | 0.14–0.300 | STr,Tm | O | 1(1–2) | SP | 24(23–29) | 28(27–29) | 9.8 | 30–120 | 4(3–4) | NS | 86–105 | 23.5 | 75 |
| Cayenne Tern | S. s. eurygnatha | 0.176–0.30 | STr | O | 1(1–2) | SP | 29 | 28 | 7+ | NS | 24 | ||||
| Roseate Tern | Sterna dougallii | 0.11:0.088–0.139 | Tm–Tr | O | 2(1–4) | SP | 23.3(21–24) | 26(22–30) | 7 | 7–14 | 3(2–4) | NS | 72–80 | 25 | 74–91 |
| White-fronted Tern | Sterna striata | STr | O | 1–2 | SP | 29–35 | 90–180 | 2 | 20 | ||||||
| Black-naped Tern | Sterna sumatrana | 0.098–0.11 | Tr | O | 1.8(1–3) | SP | 21–23 | 24 | NS | ||||||
| South American Tern | Sterna hirundinacea | 0.17–0.19 | Tm–Tr | O | 2–3 | SP | 21–23 | 27 | 84–86 | ||||||
| Common Tern | Sterna hirundo | 0.13:0.097–0.146 | SP–Tm | O | 2.4(1–4) | SP | 24(22–28) | 26 | 8 | 21+ | 3.2(2–4) | NS | 72–83 | 25 | 81–89 |
| Arctic Tern | Sterna paradisaea | 0.11:0.08–0.127 | P,SP | O | 1.8(1–2) | SP | 23(22–27) | 20–24 | 7 | 7+ | 3+ | NS | 76–85 | 34 | 90 |
| Antarctic Tern | Sterna vittata | 0.15 | STr,P | O | 1(1–2) | SP | 23–25 | 27–32 | 74–79 | ||||||
| Kerguelen Tern | Sterna virgata | 0.13 | Tm | O | 1(1–2) | SP | 24 | 35(31–39) | up to 20 | c71 | |||||
| Forster's Tern | Sterna forsteri | 0.13–0.19 | Tm,STr | O,F | 2.8(2–3 | SP | 23–26 | 73–82 | |||||||
| Trudeau's Tern | Sterna trudeaui | 0.15–0.16 | Tm,STr | F | 3(2–4) | SP | 76–70 | ||||||||
| Little Tern | Sterna albifrons | 0.05–0.06 | Tm–Tr | O | 2–3 | SP | 21–24 | 20–24 | 3(2) | 47–55 | 21 | ||||
| Peruvian Tern | Sterna lorata | Tr | O | 1–2 | SP | 22–23 | |||||||||
| Saunder's Tern | Sterna saundersi | 0.04–0.05 | 2 | SP | 50–55 | ||||||||||
| Least Tern | Sterna antillarum | 0.036–0.057 | Tm–Tr | O | 2(2–3) | SP | 22(19–25) | 20(17–21) | 26–56 | 3(2) | NS | 51 | 24 | 80–93 | |
| Yellow-billed Tern | Sterna superciliarus | 0.04–0.057 | STr,Tr | O | 1.9(1–3) | SP | |||||||||
| Fairy Tern | Sterna nereis | 0.057 | STr,Tr | 1.7(1–2) | SP | 20–25 | 45–51 | ||||||||
| Damara Tern | Sterna balaenarum | 0.046 | STr,Tr | O | 1 | SP | 18–22 | 20 | 75 | 51 | |||||
| White-cheeked Tern | Sterna repressa | 0.113–0.142 | Tr | O | 2–3 | SP | Yes | 73–83 | |||||||
| Black-bellied Tern | Sterna acuticauda | STr,Tr | O | 3(2–3) | SP | ||||||||||
| Aleutian Tern | Sterna aleutica | 0.12:0.08–0.14 | SP | O | 2(1–3) | SP | 22.5(20–27) | 28(25–31) | 14+ | 3+ | NS+ | 75–80 | |||
| Gray-backed Tern | Sterna lunata | 0.09–0.14 (0.099–0.165) | STr,Tr | O | 1 | SP | 30(29–32) | 38–49 | Yes | 4–5 | NS+ | 73–76 | 26 | ||
| Bridled Tern | Sterna anaethetus | 0.131:0.093–0.167 | STr,Tr | Cr,Un,(O) | 1 | SP | 29(26–33) | 60(55–65) | 20–40 | 4(2–5) | NS,OS | 76–81 | 18 | 78–83 | |
| Sooty Tern | Sterna fuscata | 0.18:0.14–0.24 | Tr | O | 1 | SP | 29(26–33) | c60 | 17+ | 3(3–7) | OS | 84(82–94) | 36 | ||
| Black Tern | Chlidonias niger | 0.065:0.063(0.064) | Tm | F | 2.6(1–4) | SP | 20.5(19–23) | 22(20–25) | 40 | 2(2–3) | NS | 57–65 | 17 | ||
| Whiskered Tern | Chlidonias hybridus | 0.06–0.101 | Tm–Tr | F | 2–3 | SP | 18–20 | 23 | Yes | 64–70 | |||||
| White-winged Tern | Childonias leucopterus | 0.066:0.042–0.079 | Tm | 2.8(2–3) | SP | 18–22 | 20–25 | 2 | 58–67 | ||||||
| Black-fronted Tern | Chlidonias albostriata | Tm | O | .088–.096 | SP | 21–23 | |||||||||
| Large-billed Tern | Phaetusa simplex | 0.208–0.247 | STr,Tr | O | 2.3(2–3) | SP | Yes | ||||||||
| Inca Tern | Larosterna inca | 0.189:0.18–0.21 | Tr | Cl,Cr | 2 | SP | c28 | 28+ | |||||||
| Brown Noddy | Anous stolidus | 0.167 (0.178) | Tr | T,O | 1 D | SP | 34.5(33–36) | 45(40–56) | 6 | 30–100 | 3(3–7) | NS+ | 75–86 | 27 | |
| Black Noddy | Anous minutus | 0.098–0.144 | STr,Tr | O,Cr,T | 1 D | SP | 34(31–39) | 48–60 | 30–60 est | 3(2–4) | NS+ | 66–72 | 25 | 75 | |
| Lesser Noddy | A. m. tenuirostris | 0.097–0.12 | STr,Tr | T | 1 | SP | c35 | c55 | 58–63 | ||||||
| White Tern | Gygis alba | 0.08–0.16 | STr,Tr | T | 1 D | SP | 35.6(33–41) | 48.6(31–67) | 35–60 | 5, 3+ | NS,OS | 73 | 37 | ||
| Lesser White Tern | Gygis microrhyncha | 1 | SP | c35 | |||||||||||
| Blue Noddy | Procelsterna cerulea | 0.045:0.041–0.069 | Cl,S,Cr | 1 | SP | 1? | 46–60 | ||||||||
| Gray Noddy | Procelsterna albivitta | STr,Tr | 1 | SP | 32–45 | 46–60 | |||||||||
| Black Skimmer | Rynchops niger | 0.25:0.23–0.29 (0.35:0.3–0.37) | Tr | O | 4(1–6) | SP | 22.9(21–26) | 29(28–30) | 14+ | 3 | NS | 107–127 | 20 | ||
| African Skimmer | Rynchops flavirostris | 0.111–0.204 | STr,Tr | 2.6(2–3) | SP | c21 | c28 | c106 | |||||||
| Indian Skimmer | Rynchops albicollis | Tr | 3(2–4) | c21 | 102–114 | ||||||||||
| Great Auk | Pinguinus impennis | Tm | O | 1 | SP | 7 | |||||||||
| Dovekie | Alle alle | 0.16 | P | Cl,Cr | 1 | SP | 29 | 27.5(26–29) | 6.5 | none | 5 | NS,OS | |||
| Razor-billed Auk | Alca torda | 0.72 | Tm | Cr,Cl | 1 | SP | 35 | 22.5(15–30) | 12.3 | 4(4–5) | NS | 66 | 88–90 | ||
| Common Murre | Uria aalge | 1.1:0.87–1.3 (1.0:0.83–1.3) | Tm | Cl | 1 | SP | 33 | 21.5(18–25) | 11.4 | yes | 4–5 | NS,OS | 73 | 26 | 87–95 |
| Thick-billed Murre | Uria lomvia | 1.0:0.76–1.2 (0.99:0.84–1.2) | P–Tm | Cl,Cr | 1 | SP | 33(31–36) | 22.5(15–30) | 11.5 | 30–60 | 4(4–5) | NS,OS | 29 | 89–90 | |
| Black Guillemot | Cepphus grylle | 0.43:0.30–0.53 (0.43:0.37–0.50) | P–Tm | Bu,O | 2 | SP | 29 | 36.5(34–39) | 13.8 | none | 3(3–4) | NS | 13 | 87 | |
| Pigeon Guillemot | Cepphus columba | 0.45–0.55 | SP,Tm | Cr,Bu | 2(1–2) | SP | 29(26–32) | 40(35–54) | 10–20 | none | 3 | NS | 58 | 14 | 80 |
| Spectacled Guillemot | Cepphus carbo | Tm | 1–2 | SP | 30 | ||||||||||
| Xantus' Murrelet | Endomychura hypoleuca | 0.17 | STr | Cr | 2(1–2) | P | 34(27–44) | 2(1–4) | yes | 3(2–3) | OS | 42 | 15 | ||
| Craveri's Murrelet | Endomychura craveri | 0.15 | STr | Cr | 2 | P | 2 | yes | 41 | ||||||
| Ancient Murrelet | Synthliboramphus antiquum | 0.206 (0.206) | Tm | Bu | 2(1–2) | P | 32.7(29–37) | 2(1–4) | 30 | 3(2–4) | NS,OS | 45 | 77 | ||
| Japanese Murrelet | S. wumizusume | 0.183 | Tm | Cr,Bu | 2(1–2) | P | 32–33 | 2 | c30 | NS+ | |||||
| Cassin's Auklet | Ptychoramphus aleuticus | 0.19 | SP,Tm | Bu,Cr | 1 D | SP | 39(37–57) | 46(41–50) | none | 3(1–4) | NS,OS | 44 | 16 | 75 | |
| Parakeet Auklet | Cyclorrhynchus psittacula | 0.26 | Tm | O | 1 | 35 | 35 | 10.6 | none | 50 | |||||
| Crested Auklet | Aethia cristatella | 0.26 | SP,Tm | Cr | 1 | SP | 33.8(29–40) | 33.2(27–36) | 11–13 | none | 3(est.) | NS,OS | 48 | 89 | |
| Least Auklet | Aethia pusilla | 0.084 | SP,Tm | Cr | 1 | SP | 30.1(25–39) | 28.6 | 6 | none | 3 | NS,OS | 33 | 80.8 | |
| Whiskered Auklet | Aethia pygmaea | 0.12 | Tm | Cr | 1 | SP | 35.5 | 40.5(39–42) | 3(est.) | NS | |||||
| Long-billed Murrelet | Brachyramphus perdix | T | 1 | SP | 27–40 | none | |||||||||
| Marbled Murrelet | Brachyramphus marmoratus | 0.22 | Tm | T | 1 | SP | 29 | 33.5(27–40) | 3 | NS,OS | 44 | ||||
| Kittlitz's Murrelet | Brachyramphus brevirostris | 0.224–0.243 | Tm | O | 1 | SP | 30? | 24? | ? | NS | |||||
| Rhinoceros Auklet | Cerorhinca monocerata | 0.456 (0.510) | SP–STr | Bu | 1 | SP | 44.9(39–52) | 50–60 | 10 | none | 3(est.) | NS,OS | 62 | 10 | |
| Tufted Puffin | Fratercula cirrhata | 0.78 | Tm | Bu | 1 | 47–55 | 16.1 | OS | 66 | ||||||
| Atlantic Puffin | Fratercula arctica | 0.51:0.31–0.57 (0.48:0.31–0.57) | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 42 | 39 | 11.2 | none | 6 | NS,OS | 55 | 32 | 94.2 |
| Horned Puffin | Fratercula corniculata | 0.62 | Tm | Bu | 1 | SP | 38 | 11.1 | none | OS | 61 |